32 results
Improving mental health care in depression: A call for action
- Julia Eder, Geert Dom, Philip Gorwood, Hikka Kärkkäinen, Andre Decraene, Ulrike Kumpf, Julian Beezhold, Jerzy Samochowiec, Tamas Kurimay, Wolfgang Gaebel, Livia De Picker, Peter Falkai
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue 1 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2023, e65
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Depressive disorders have one of the highest disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of all medical conditions, which led the European Psychiatric Association to propose a policy paper, pinpointing their unmet health care and research needs. The first part focuses on what can be currently done to improve the care of patients with depression, and then discuss future trends for research and healthcare. Through the narration of clinical cases, the different points are illustrated. The necessary political framework is formulated, to implement such changes to fundamentally improve psychiatric care. The group of European Psychiatrist Association (EPA) experts insist on the need for (1) increased awareness of mental illness in primary care settings, (2) the development of novel (biological) markers, (3) the rapid implementation of machine learning (supporting diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics), (4) the generalized use of electronic devices and apps into everyday treatment, (5) the development of the new generation of treatment options, such as plasticity-promoting agents, and (6) the importance of comprehensive recovery approach. At a political level, the group also proposed four priorities, the need to (1) increase the use of open science, (2) implement reasonable data protection laws, (3) establish ethical electronic health records, and (4) enable better healthcare research and saving resources.
The future of diagnosis in clinical neurosciences: Comparing multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia
- Błażej Misiak, Jerzy Samochowiec, Krzysztof Kowalski, Wolfgang Gaebel, Claudio L. A. Bassetti, Andrew Chan, Philip Gorwood, Sergi Papiol, Geert Dom, Umberto Volpe, Agata Szulc, Tamas Kurimay, Hilkka Kärkkäinen, Andre Decraene, Jan Wisse, Andrea Fiorillo, Peter Falkai
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue 1 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 July 2023, e58
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The ongoing developments of psychiatric classification systems have largely improved reliability of diagnosis, including that of schizophrenia. However, with an unknown pathophysiology and lacking biomarkers, its validity still remains low, requiring further advancements. Research has helped establish multiple sclerosis (MS) as the central nervous system (CNS) disorder with an established pathophysiology, defined biomarkers and therefore good validity and significantly improved treatment options. Before proposing next steps in research that aim to improve the diagnostic process of schizophrenia, it is imperative to recognize its clinical heterogeneity. Indeed, individuals with schizophrenia show high interindividual variability in terms of symptomatic manifestation, response to treatment, course of illness and functional outcomes. There is also a multiplicity of risk factors that contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that several dimensions of psychopathology and risk factors cross current diagnostic categorizations. Schizophrenia shares a number of similarities with MS, which is a demyelinating disease of the CNS. These similarities appear in the context of age of onset, geographical distribution, involvement of immune-inflammatory processes, neurocognitive impairment and various trajectories of illness course. This article provides a critical appraisal of diagnostic process in schizophrenia, taking into consideration advancements that have been made in the diagnosis and management of MS. Based on the comparison between the two disorders, key directions for studies that aim to improve diagnostic process in schizophrenia are formulated. All of them converge on the necessity to deconstruct the psychosis spectrum and adopt dimensional approaches with deep phenotyping to refine current diagnostic boundaries.
10 - Spirit
- Edited by Philip Ziegler, University of Aberdeen
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- The Edinburgh Critical History of Twentieth-Century Christian Theology
- Published by:
- Edinburgh University Press
- Published online:
- 14 July 2023
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- 31 August 2022, pp 175-196
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Summary
Introduction: A Pneumatological Renaissance
In recent years, one of the most exciting developments in theology has been an unprecedented interest in the Holy Spirit. The reverberations of this Spirit renaissance can be felt everywhere from new theological studies in the academy to publications of popular books to the emergence of new spiritual orientations and movements such as green or liberation pneumatology. The Roman Catholic Elizabeth Dryer vividly describes this renewed enthusiasm over pneumatology:
Renewed interest in the Holy Spirit is visible in at least three contexts: individual Christians who hunger for a deeper connection with God that is inclusive of all of life as well as the needs of the world; the church that seeks to renew itself through life-giving disciplines and a return to sources; and the formal inquiry of academic philosophy and theology. In effect, one can hear the petition, ‘Come Creator Spirit’ on many lips these days …
While there may be several reasons for the resurgence of pneumatology in our cultural and religious environment in postmodern, pluralistic societies, four somewhat interrelated reasons in theology and spirituality seem to be of decisive importance. First, the entrance of the Eastern Orthodox churches into the official ecumenical organisation, the World Council of Churches (WCC), has made the rich pneumatological and spiritual tradition of this ancient Church family more easily available to other churches. The doctrine of the Spirit has always played a more prominent role in Eastern Orthodox theology, with roots in the classical works of Athanasius, Cyril of Alexandria and the three Cappadocians (Basil the Great, his brother Gregory of Nazianzus and their friend, another Gregory, from Nyssa). The Eastern Church gives a balanced priority to pneumatology, whereas in the Christian West (Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism and Protestantism) the focus is at times placed so much on Christology that the Spirit's role appears to be somewhat marginal. The Eastern Church's cultivated pneumatological sensitivity comes to the fore in doctrine, liturgy and spirituality.
Second, the dramatic spread of the Pentecostal and charismatic movements throughout the world has made other Christians wake up to the significance of the Holy Spirit in the everyday lives of all Christians. The rise of the charismatic movement within virtually every mainstream church has ensured that the Holy Spirit figures prominently on the theological agenda.
Joint European policy on the COVID-19 risks for people with mental disorders: An umbrella review and evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for mental and public health
- Benedetta Vai, Mario Gennaro Mazza, Casanova Dias Marisa, Julian Beezhold, Hilkka Kärkkäinen, John Saunders, Jerzy Samochowiec, Francesco Benedetti, Marion Leboyer, Paolo Fusar-Poli, Livia De Picker
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 65 / Issue 1 / 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2022, e47
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As COVID-19 becomes endemic, identifying vulnerable population groups for severe infection outcomes and defining rapid and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies remains a public health priority. We performed an umbrella review, including comprehensive studies (meta-analyses and systematic reviews) investigating COVID-19 risk for infection, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality in people with psychiatric disorders, and outlined evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for overcoming potential barriers that psychiatric patients may experience in preventing and managing COVID-19, and defining optimal therapeutic options and current research priorities in psychiatry. We searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Ovid/PsycINFO databases up to 17 January 2022 for the umbrella review. We synthesized evidence, extracting when available pooled odd ratio estimates for the categories “any mental disorder” and “severe mental disorders.” The quality of each study was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 approach and ranking evidence quality. We identified four systematic review/meta-analysis combinations, one meta-analysis, and three systematic reviews, each including up to 28 original studies. Although we rated the quality of studies from moderate to low and the evidence ranged from highly suggestive to non-significant, we found consistent evidence that people with mental illness are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and most importantly mortality, but not of ICU admission. The risk and the burden of COVID-19 in people with mental disorders, in particular those with severe mental illness, can no longer be ignored but demands urgent targeted and persistent action. Twenty-two recommendations are proposed to facilitate this process.
FinnTwin16: A Longitudinal Study from Age 16 of a Population-Based Finnish Twin Cohort
- Milla Kaidesoja, Sari Aaltonen, Leonie H. Bogl, Kauko Heikkilä, Sara Kaartinen, Urho M. Kujala, Ulla Kärkkäinen, Guiomar Masip, Linda Mustelin, Teemu Palviainen, Kirsi H. Pietiläinen, Mirva Rottensteiner, Pyry N. Sipilä, Richard J. Rose, Anna Keski-Rahkonen, Jaakko Kaprio
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- Journal:
- Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 22 / Issue 6 / December 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 December 2019, pp. 530-539
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The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed and updated description of the FinnTwin16 (FT16) study and its future directions. The Finnish Twin Cohort comprises three different cohorts: the Older Twin Cohort established in the 1970s and the FinnTwin12 and FT16 initiated in the 1990s. FT16 was initiated in 1991 to identify the genetic and environmental precursors of alcoholism, but later the scope of the project expanded to studying the determinants of various health-related behaviors and diseases in different stages of life. The main areas addressed are alcohol use and its consequences, smoking, physical activity, overall physical health, eating behaviors and eating disorders, weight development, obesity, life satisfaction and personality. To date, five waves of data collection have been completed and the sixth is now planned. Data from the FT16 cohort have contributed to several hundred studies and many substudies, with more detailed phenotyping and collection of omics data completed or underway. FT16 has also contributed to many national and international collaborations.
Value of schizophrenia treatment II: Decision modelling for developing early detection and early intervention services in the Czech Republic
- Petr Winkler, Hana Marie Broulíková, Lucie Kondrátová, Martin Knapp, Paul Arteel, Patrice Boyer, Silvana Galderisi, Hikka Karkkainen, Aagje Ieven, Pavel Mohr, Danuta Wasserman, A-La Park, Michella Tinelli, Wolfgang Gaebel
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 53 / September 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 July 2018, pp. 116-122
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Background:
Positive findings on early detection and early intervention services have been consistently reported from many different countries. The aim of this study, conducted within the European Brain Council project “The Value of Treatment”, was to estimate costs and the potential cost- savings associated with adopting these services within the context of the Czech mental health care reform.
Methods:Czech epidemiological data, probabilities derived from meta-analyses, and data on costs of mental health services in the Czech Republic were used to populate a decision analytical model. From the health care and societal perspectives, costs associated with health care services and productivity lost were taken into account. One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the uncertainty around the key parameters.
Results:It was estimated that annual costs associated with care as usual for people with the first episode of psychosis were as high as 46 million Euro in the Czech Republic 2016. These annual costs could be reduced by 25% if ED services were adopted, 33% if EI services were adopted, and 40% if both, ED and EI services, were adopted in the country. Cost-savings would be generated due to decreased hospitalisations and better employment outcomes in people with psychoses.
Conclusions:Adopting early detection and early intervention services in mental health systems based on psychiatric hospitals and with limited access to acute and community care could generate considerable cost- savings. Although the results of this modelling study needs to be taken with caution, early detection and early intervention services are recommended for multi-centre pilot testing accompanied by full economic evaluation in the region of Central and Eastern Europe.
Value of schizophrenia treatment I: The patient journey
- Pavel Mohr, Silvana Galderisi, Patrice Boyer, Danuta Wasserman, Paul Arteel, Aagje Ieven, Hilkka Karkkainen, Eulalia Pereira, Nick Guldemond, Petr Winkler, Wolfgang Gaebel
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 53 / September 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 July 2018, pp. 107-115
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Background:
The aim of the European Brain Council project “The Value of Treatment” was to provide evidence-based, cost-effective policy recommendations for a patient-centered and sustainable coordinated care model for brain disorders. The first part of schizophrenia study examined the needs and gaps in the patients' care pathway.
Methods:Descriptive analysis was based on an inventory of needs and treatment opportunities, using focus group sessions, expert interviews, users’ input, and literature review. Three patient pathways were selected: indicated prevention, duration of untreated psychosis, and relapse prevention.
Results:The analysis identified several critical barriers to optimal treatment. Available health care services often miss or delay detection of symptoms and diagnosis in at-risk individuals. There is a lack of illness awareness among patients, families, and the public; scarcity of information, training and education among primary care providers; stigmatizing beliefs. Early symptom recognition and timely intervention result in better outcome and prognosis; effective management leads to a functional recovery. In the current model of care, there is insufficient cooperation between health and social care providers, patients and families, inadequate utilization of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions, lacking patient monitoring, and low implementation of integrated community care.
Conclusions:Early detection and early intervention programs, timely intervention, and relapse prevention are essential for effective management of schizophrenia. It requires a paradigm shift from symptom control, achieving and maintaining remission, to the emphasis on recovery. Since the current services are not able to accomplish this goal, changes in mental health policies are needed.
Miroslav Volf , Flourishing: Why We Need Religion in a Globalized World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), pp. xviii + 280. £18.99/$28.00.
- Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen
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- Scottish Journal of Theology / Volume 70 / Issue 4 / November 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 November 2017, pp. 477-479
- Print publication:
- November 2017
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Development and validation of an interview-administered FFQ for assessment of vitamin D and calcium intakes in Finnish women
- Suvi T. Itkonen, Maijaliisa Erkkola, Essi Skaffari, Pilvi Saaristo, Elisa M. Saarnio, Heli T. Viljakainen, Merja U. M. Kärkkäinen, Christel J. E. Lamberg-Allardt
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 115 / Issue 6 / 28 March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 February 2016, pp. 1100-1107
- Print publication:
- 28 March 2016
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Increased vitamin D fortification of dairy products has increased the supply of vitamin D-containing products with different vitamin D contents on the market in Finland. The authors developed a ninety-eight-item FFQ with eight food groups and with a question on supplementation to assess dietary and supplemental vitamin D and Ca intakes in Finnish women (60ºN). The FFQ was validated in subgroups with different habitual vitamin D supplement use (0–57·5 µg/d) against the biomarker serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D) and against 3-d food records (FR) (n 29–67). Median total vitamin D intake among participants was 9·4 (range 1·6–30·5) µg/d. Spearman’s correlations for vitamin D and Ca ranged from 0·28 (P 0·146, FFQ v. S-25(OH)D, persons not using supplements) to 0·75 (P<0·001, FFQ v. FR, supplement use included). The correlations between the FFQ and S-25(OH)D concentrations improved within increasing supplement intake. The Bland–Altman analysis showed wide limits of agreement between FFQ and FR: for vitamin D between −7·8 and 8·8 µg/d and for Ca between −938 and 934 mg/d, with mean differences being 0·5 µg/d and 2 mg/d, respectively. The triads method was used to calculate the validity coefficients of the FFQ for vitamin D, resulting in a mean of 1·00 (95 % CI 0·59, 1·00) and a range from 0·33 to 1·00. The perceived variation in the estimates could have been avoided with a longer FR period and larger number of participants. The results are comparable with earlier studies, and the FFQ provides a reasonable estimation of vitamin D and Ca intakes.
15 - Pentecostal Mission and Encounter with Religions
- from Part III - Disciplinary Perspectives/Contributions – The Status Quaestiones
- Edited by Cecil M. Robeck, Jr, Fuller Theological Seminary, California, Amos Yong, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism
- Published online:
- 05 August 2014
- Print publication:
- 11 August 2014, pp 294-312
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Contributors
- Edited by Cecil M. Robeck, Jr, Fuller Theological Seminary, California, Amos Yong, Fuller Theological Seminary, California
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- The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism
- Published online:
- 05 August 2014
- Print publication:
- 11 August 2014, pp ix-xii
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Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism during winter in pre-menopausal Bangladeshi and Somali immigrant and ethnic Finnish women: associations with forearm bone mineral density
- Md Zahirul Islam, Heli T. Viljakainen, Merja U. M. Kärkkäinen, Elisa Saarnio, Kalevi Laitinen, Christel Lamberg-Allardt
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- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 107 / Issue 2 / 28 January 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 August 2011, pp. 277-283
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- 28 January 2012
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Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is one of the outcomes of vitamin D deficiency that negatively affects bone metabolism. We studied the ethnic differences in vitamin D status in Finland and its effect on serum intact parathyroid hormone (S-iPTH) concentration and bone traits. The study was done in the Helsinki area (60°N) during January–February 2008. A total of 143 healthy women (20–48 years of age) from two groups of immigrant women (Bangladeshi, n 34 and Somali, n 48), and a group of ethnic Finnish women (n 61) were studied in a cross-sectional setting. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25OHD) and S-iPTH were measured. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography measurements were taken at 4 and 66 % of the forearm length. In all groups, the distribution of S-25OHD was shifted towards the lower limit of the normal range. A high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (S-25OHD < 50 nmol/l) was observed (89·6 %) in the Somali group. The prevalence of SHPT (S-iPTH>65 ng/l) was higher (79·1 %) in Somali women than in Finnish women (16 %). There was a significant association between S-25OHD and S-iPTH (r − 0·49, P < 0·001). Ethnicity and S-25OHD together explained 30 % of the variation in S-iPTH. The total bone mass at all sites of the forearm, fracture load and stress–strain index was higher (P < 0·001) in Bangladeshi and Finnish women than in Somali women. The high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, SHPT and low bone status in Somali women indicates a higher risk of osteoporosis.
13 - The trinitarian doctrines of Jürgen Moltmann and Wolfhart Pannenberg in the context of contemporary discussion
- from Part IV - Contemporary theologians
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- By Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, University of Helsinki
- Edited by Peter C. Phan, Georgetown University, Washington DC
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- The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity
- Published online:
- 28 July 2011
- Print publication:
- 30 June 2011, pp 223-242
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Summary
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the contributions to trinitarian thought of the Reformed theologian Jürgen Moltmann and the Lutheran Wolfhart Pannenberg. To treat them together with regard to the content of their trinitarian theologies is justifiable because in spite of all their differences, these two German theologians both echo and have shaped nearly all the key themes of the doctrine of the Trinity in contemporary theology.
In order to orient the reader to the context and background of these two trinitarian theologies as well as the state of current discussion, a list of key themes follows here:
Following Barth and Rahner, both Moltmann and Pannenberg seek to ground the Trinity in revelation and salvation history rather than in abstract speculation.
Therefore, Rahner's Rule – beginning with oikonomia (God's actions in history) to speak of theologia (who and what God is) – has become a standard principle.
Again, following both Rahner and Barth, the “turn to history” has become one of the contemporary canons of trinitarian reflection.
The “turn to history” has made reflection on the relationship between the economic and immanent Trinity a focal issue.
Contrary to tradition, threeness is taken for granted, while the unity of God becomes the challenge.
Consequently, eschatology has risen to a new position of appreciation in trinitarian theology.
Because of the turn to the social analogy under the leadership of Moltmann, the “practical” implications of Trinity are being discussed in a fresh way.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. 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1 - When everything is connected
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- By T. Ryhänen, Nokia Research Center, M. A. Uusitalo, Nokia Research Center, A. Kärkkäinen, Nokia Research Center
- Tapani Ryhänen, Mikko A. Uusitalo, Olli Ikkala, Asta Kärkkäinen
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- Nanotechnologies for Future Mobile Devices
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Summary
Introduction
Mobile communication and the Internet
The Internet has created in only one decade a global information network that has become the platform for communication and delivering information, digital content and knowledge, enabling commercial transactions and advertising, creating virtual communities for cocreating and sharing their content, and for building various value adding digital services for consumers and businesses. The Internet phenomenon has been a complex development that has been influenced by several factors – an emerging culture that shares values that are brilliantly summarized by Manuel Castells [1]:
The culture of the Internet is a culture made up of a technocratic belief in the progress of humans through technology, enacted by communities of hackers thriving on free and open technological creativity, embedded in virtual networks aimed at reinventing society, and materialized by money-driven entrepreneurs into the workings of the new economy.
The Internet can be characterized by four key elements: Internet technology and its standardization, open innovation based on various open source development tools and software, content and technology creation in various virtual communities around the Internet, and finally on business opportunities created by the Internet connectivity and access to the global information. The history and the origin of mobile communication are different and have been driven by the telecommunication operators and manufacturers. Digital mobile communication has focused on providing secure connectivity and guaranteed quality of voice and messaging services. The key driver has been connection, i.e., establishing a link between two persons.
Contents
- Tapani Ryhänen, Mikko A. Uusitalo, Olli Ikkala, Asta Kärkkäinen
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6 - Future of Radio and Communication
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- By A. Pärssinen, Nokia Research Center, R. Kaunisto, Nokia Research Center, A. Kärkkäinen, Nokia Research Center
- Tapani Ryhänen, Mikko A. Uusitalo, Olli Ikkala, Asta Kärkkäinen
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Summary
Introduction
Rapid progress in radio systems since the early 1990s has fundamentally changed all human communication. Mobile phones and the Internet have enabled globalization of both private and business communication and access to information. This has required increased data rates and capacity as well as the means to achieve a reliability similar to that of wireline systems. On the other hand, the importance of local information whether it is the opening hours of a local shop or finding friends in the vicinity will increase the role of short-range radios.
New forms of mobile communication, e.g. location-based services, will increase the need for enhanced performance of connectivity. In the future everything will be connected through embedded intelligence. Not only will people be communicating but things will also be connected. The first step toward the Internet of Things is to enhance the usability of the current devices by better connection to the services. All the capacity that can be provided is likely to be used. The hype about ubiquitous communication will not be realized unless extremely cheap, small, low-power wireless connection devices can be created for personal area and sensor networks. The goal is to have data rates which are comparable to wireline connections today. This will require very wide bandwidths with radio frequency (RF) operation frequencies in the gigahertz range.
However, a wider bandwidth is not the only way to obtain more capacity. As discussed later in this chapter, cognitive radio will provide a new paradigm to embed intelligence not only at the application level but also in the radio connectivity. In brief, it promises to share radio spectrum autonomously and more dynamically than previously, thus allowing better spatial spectrum efficiency, i.e., more capacity using the same bandwidth.
Index
- Tapani Ryhänen, Mikko A. Uusitalo, Olli Ikkala, Asta Kärkkäinen
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Preface
- Tapani Ryhänen, Mikko A. Uusitalo, Olli Ikkala, Asta Kärkkäinen
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Summary
Human culture is simultaneously extending its capabilities to master the physical world at its molecular scale and to connect people, businesses, information, and things globally, locally, and pervasively in real time. Nanotechnologies, mobile communication, and the Internet have had a disruptive impact on our economies and everyday lives. Nanotechnologies enable us to use physical, chemical, and biological processes to create new functional materials, nanoscale components, and systems. This book explains how these technologies are related to each other, how nanotechnologies can be used to extend the use of mobile communication and the Internet, and how nanotechnologies may transform future manufacturing and value networks.
At the beginning of 2007, the University of Cambridge, Helsinki University of Technology, and Nokia Research Center established a collaboration in nanotechnology research according to open innovation principles. The target has been to develop concrete, tangible technologies for future mobile devices and also to explore nanotechnologies in order to understand their impact in the bigger picture. The collaboration is based on joint research teams and joint decision making. We believe that this is the proper way to build a solid foundation for future mobile communication technologies. The book is based on the visions of researchers from both academia and industry.
During the summer of 2007 a team of researchers and industrial designers from the University of Cambridge and Nokia created a new mobile device concept called Morph. The Morph concept was launched alongside the “Design and The Elastic Mind” exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York, has been featured in several other exhibitions, won a prestigious reddot design concept award, and has had considerable publicity – especially in the Internet.
List of contributors
- Tapani Ryhänen, Mikko A. Uusitalo, Olli Ikkala, Asta Kärkkäinen
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